Asian game developers again targeted in supply-chain attacks distributing Winnti malware in legitimately signed software.
This is not the first time the gaming industry has been targeted by attackers who compromise game developers, insert backdoors into a game’s build environment, and then have their malware distributed as legitimate software. In April 2013, Kaspersky Lab reported that a popular game was altered to include a backdoor in 2011. That attack was attributed to perpetrators Kaspersky called the Winnti Group.
Yet again, new supply-chain attacks recently caught the attention of ESET Researchers. This time, two games and one gaming platform application were compromised to include a backdoor. Given that these attacks were mostly targeted against Asia and the gaming industry, it shouldn’t be surprising they are the work of the group described Kaspersky’s “Winnti – More than just a game”.
Three Cases, Same Backdoor
Although the malware uses different configurations in each case, the three affected software products included the same backdoor code and were launched using the same mechanism. While two of the compromised products no longer include the backdoor, one of the affected developers is still distributing the trojanized version: ironically, the game is named Infestation, and is produced by Thai developer Electronics Extreme. We have tried informing them several times, through various channels, since early February, but without apparent success.
Let’s look at how the malicious payload is embedded and then look into the details of the backdoor itself.
Embedding the payload
The payload code is started very early during the execution of the backdoored executable file. Right after the PE entry point, the standard call to the C Runtime initialization (__scrt_common_main_sehin Figure 1) is hooked to launch the malicious payload before everything else (Figure 2). This may suggest that the malefactor changed a build configuration rather than the source code itself.
Figure 1 Clean executable file entry point
Figure 2 Compromised executable file entry point
The code added to the executable decrypts and launches the backdoor in-memory before resuming normal execution of the C Runtime initialization code and all the subsequent code of the host application. The embedded payload data has a specific structure, seen in Figure 3, that is parsed by the added unpacking code.
Figure 3 Embedded payload structure
It includes an RC4 key (which is XORed with 0x37) that is used to decrypt a filename and the embedded DLL file.
The malicious payload
The actual malicious payload is quite small and only contains about 17 KB of code and data.
Configuration
Illustrated in Figure 4, the configuration data is simply a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Figure 4 Payload configuration data
The configuration consists of four fields:
1. C&C server URL.
2. Variable (t) used to determine the time to sleep in milliseconds before continuing the execution. Wait time is chosen randomly in the range 2/3 t to 5/3 t.
3. A string identifying a campaign.
4. A semicolon-separated list of executable filenames. If any of them are running, the backdoor stops its execution.
ESET researchers have identified five versions of the payload:
Truncated SHA-1
PE Compile time (UTC)
C&C server URL
a045939f
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf1
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
44260a1d
2018-08-15 10:59:09
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
8272c1f4
2018-11-01 13:16:24
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
In the first three variants, the code was not recompiled, but the configuration data was edited in the DLL file itself. The rest of the content is a byte for byte copy.
C&C infrastructure
Domain names were carefully chosen to look like they are related to the game or application publisher. The apex domain was set to redirect to a relevant legitimate site using the Namecheap redirection service, while the subdomain points to the malicious C&C server.
Domain name
Registration date
Redirection target
xigncodeservice.com
2018-07-10 09:18:17
gxxservice.com
2018-08-14 13:53:41
None or unknown
infestexe.com
2018-11-07 08:46:44
Subdomain name
IP addresses
Provider
bugcheck.xigncodeservice.com
167.99.106[.]49, 178.128.180[.]206
DigitalOcean
dump.gxxservice.com
142.93.204[.]230
DigitalOcean
nw.infestexe.com
138.68.14[.]195
DigitalOcean
At the time of writing, none of the domains resolve and the C&C servers are not responding.
Reconnaissance report
A bot identifier is generated from the machine’s MAC address. The backdoor reports information about the machine such as the user name, computer name, Windows version and system language to the C&C server and awaits commands. The data is XOR encrypted with the key “*&b0i0rong2Y7un1”and base64-encoded. The data received from the C&C server is encrypted using the same key.
Commands
This simple backdoor has only four commands that can be used by the attacker:
· DownUrlFile
· DownRunUrlFile
· RunUrlBinInMem
· UnInstall
The commands are pretty much self-explanatory. They allow the attacker to run additional executables from a given URL.
The last one is perhaps less obvious. The UnInstallcommand doesn’t remove the malware from the system. After all, it is embedded inside a legitimate executable that still needs to run. Rather than removing anything, it disables the malicious code by setting the following registry value to 1:
· HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ImageFlag
When the payload is started, the registry value is queried and execution is aborted if set. Perhaps the attackers are trying to reduce the load from their C&C servers by avoiding callbacks from uninteresting victims.
Second stage
Based on ESET telemetry, one of the second stage payload delivered to victims is Win64/Winnti.BN. As far as we can tell, its dropper was downloaded over HTTPS from api.goallbandungtravel[.]com. We have seen it installed as a Windows service and as a DLL in C:\Windows\System32using the following file names:
· cscsrv.dll
· dwmsvc.dll
· iassrv.dll
· mprsvc.dll
· nlasrv.dll
· powfsvc.dll
· racsvc.dll
· slcsvc.dll
· snmpsvc.dll
· sspisvc.dll
The samples we have analyzed were actually quite large, each of them about 60 MB. This is, however, only for appearance because the real size or the PE file is between 63 KB and 72 KB, depending on the version. The malware files simply have lots of clean files appended to them. This is probably done by the component that drops and installs this malicious service.
Once the service runs, it appends the extension .mui to its DLL path, reads that file and decrypts it using RC5. The decrypted MUI file contains position-independent code at offset 0. The RC5 key is derived from the hard drive serial number and the string “f@Ukd!rCto R$.”. We were not able to obtain any MUI files nor the code that installs them in the first place. Thus, we do not know the exact purpose of this malicious service.
Recent versions of the malware include an “auto-update” mechanism, using C&C server checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com. That C&C server served the latest version of the MUI files encrypted with a static RC5 key. The C&C server was not responding during our analysis.
Targets
Let’s start with who is not targeted. Early in the payload, the malware checks to see if the system language is Russian or Chinese (Figure 5). In either case, the malware stops running. There is no way around this: the attackers are simply not interested in computers configured with those languages.
Figure 5 Language checks before running the payload
Distribution statistics
ESET telemetry shows victims are mostly located in Asia, with Thailand having the largest part of the pie. Given the popularity of the compromised application that is still being distributed by its developer, it wouldn’t be surprising if the number of victims is in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Conclusion
Supply-chain attacks are hard to detect from the consumer perspective. It is impossible to start analyzing every piece of software we run, especially with all the regular updates we are encouraged or required to install. So, we put our trust in software vendors that the files they distribute don’t include malware. Perhaps that’s the reason multiple groups target software developers: compromising the vendor results in a botnet as popular as the software that is hacked. However, there is a downside of using such a technique: once the scheme is uncovered, the attacker loses control and computers can be cleaned through regular updates.
We do not know the motives of the attackers at this point. Is it simply financial gain? Are there any reasons why the three affected products are from Asian developers and for the Asian market? Do these attackers use a botnet as part of a larger espionage operation?
ESET products detect this threat as Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A, Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.B, the payload as Win32/Winnti.AG, and the second stage as Win64/Winnti.BN.
IoCs
Compromised file samples (Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A and B)
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
RC4 key
Payload SHA-1
474b1c81de1eafe93602c297d701418658cf6feb
Mon Jul 16 07:37:14 2018
207792894
a045939f
f2f6ad866bde0e6605bb7a6d97471ecf99fd0f11
Thu Jul 19 06:28:19 2018
207792894
a045939f
47dd117fb07cd06c8c6faa2a085e0d484703f5fd
Wed Jul 25 06:44:09 2018
207792894
a045939f
42f2fc15aa8b9ed896c92fed22a27df9ef9db0ad
Wed Aug 29 07:37:14 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
54b161d446789c6096362ab1649edbddaf7145be
Tue Sep 4 08:02:38 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
eb5fd85d5870b57eeb8b548eb4d158cc6997c436
Wed Sep 19 02:29:59 2018
17858542
dde82093
c9b4e30f0500af877558e793476b98e2609a7ee3
Wed Sep 19 05:37:13 2018
17858542
dde82093
67111518fe2982726064ada5b23fd91d1eb3d48e
Wed Sep 19 09:51:44 2018
17858542
dde82093
99335d3b9eae73190d5acacd5a7da635a460bb43
Thu Sep 20 02:13:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
0f31ed081ccc18816ca1e3c87fe488c9b360d02f
Fri Sep 28 05:32:30 2018
17858542
dde82093
f8c1324f80140bbb458c96c64e2ac38e9b0653f2
Mon Oct 8 00:44:57 2018
17858542
dde82093
5e2b7b929471ac3ba22a1dfa851fac1044a698dc
Tue Oct 16 05:09:15 2018
17858542
dde82093
132e699e837698ef090e3f5ad12400df1b1e98fa
Thu Oct 18 02:53:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
897086babadec12b9ac518f0c254aeb2a2160b32
Thu Oct 18 09:16:51 2018
17858542
dde82093
db45716f02c6e33cdc80d7a960255d914455c590
Wed Oct 24 02:41:54 2018
17858542
dde82093
d4eaf47253fe59f11a06517bb9e2d5e8b785abf8
Thu Nov 1 07:00:55 2018
17858542
dde82093
527c834d114f526e8b013dfe843876004ab8b272
2018-07-05 11:03:05
17858542
dde82093
7cf41b1acfb05064518a2ad9e4c16fde9185cd4b
Tue Nov 13 10:12:58 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
7f73def251fcc34cbd6f5ac61822913479124a2a
Wed Nov 14 03:50:18 2018
19317120
44260a1d
dac0bd8972f23c9b5f7f8f06c5d629eac7926269
Tue Nov 27 03:05:16 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
Payload Samples (Win32/Winnti.AG)
SHA-1
C&C server URL
a045939f53c5ad2c0f7368b082aa7b0bd7b116da
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf193e747cee49ae83568eea6c04bf93cb3
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093decde6371eb852a5e9a1aa4acf3b56ba
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
8272c1f41f7c223316c0d78bd3bd5744e25c2e9f
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
44260a1dfd92922a621124640015160e621f32d5
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
Second stage samples (Win64/Winnti.BN)
Dropper delivered by api.goallbandungtravel[.]com.
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
C&C server URL prefix
4256fa6f6a39add6a1fa10ef1497a74088f12be0
2018-07-25 10:13:41
None
bb4ab0d8d05a3404f1f53f152ebd79f4ba4d4d81
2018-10-10 09:57:31
checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com
MITRE ATT&CK matrix
Gaming industry still in the scope of attackers in Asia
Asian game developers again targeted in supply-chain attacks distributing Winnti malware in legitimately signed software.
This is not the first time the gaming industry has been targeted by attackers who compromise game developers, insert backdoors into a game’s build environment, and then have their malware distributed as legitimate software. In April 2013, Kaspersky Lab reported that a popular game was altered to include a backdoor in 2011. That attack was attributed to perpetrators Kaspersky called the Winnti Group.
Yet again, new supply-chain attacks recently caught the attention of ESET Researchers. This time, two games and one gaming platform application were compromised to include a backdoor. Given that these attacks were mostly targeted against Asia and the gaming industry, it shouldn’t be surprising they are the work of the group described Kaspersky’s “Winnti – More than just a game”.
Three Cases, Same Backdoor
Although the malware uses different configurations in each case, the three affected software products included the same backdoor code and were launched using the same mechanism. While two of the compromised products no longer include the backdoor, one of the affected developers is still distributing the trojanized version: ironically, the game is named Infestation, and is produced by Thai developer Electronics Extreme. We have tried informing them several times, through various channels, since early February, but without apparent success.
Let’s look at how the malicious payload is embedded and then look into the details of the backdoor itself.
Embedding the payload
The payload code is started very early during the execution of the backdoored executable file. Right after the PE entry point, the standard call to the C Runtime initialization (__scrt_common_main_sehin Figure 1) is hooked to launch the malicious payload before everything else (Figure 2). This may suggest that the malefactor changed a build configuration rather than the source code itself.
Figure 1 Clean executable file entry point
Figure 2 Compromised executable file entry point
The code added to the executable decrypts and launches the backdoor in-memory before resuming normal execution of the C Runtime initialization code and all the subsequent code of the host application. The embedded payload data has a specific structure, seen in Figure 3, that is parsed by the added unpacking code.
Figure 3 Embedded payload structure
It includes an RC4 key (which is XORed with 0x37) that is used to decrypt a filename and the embedded DLL file.
The malicious payload
The actual malicious payload is quite small and only contains about 17 KB of code and data.
Configuration
Illustrated in Figure 4, the configuration data is simply a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Figure 4 Payload configuration data
The configuration consists of four fields:
1. C&C server URL.
2. Variable (t) used to determine the time to sleep in milliseconds before continuing the execution. Wait time is chosen randomly in the range 2/3 t to 5/3 t.
3. A string identifying a campaign.
4. A semicolon-separated list of executable filenames. If any of them are running, the backdoor stops its execution.
ESET researchers have identified five versions of the payload:
Truncated SHA-1
PE Compile time (UTC)
C&C server URL
a045939f
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf1
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
44260a1d
2018-08-15 10:59:09
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
8272c1f4
2018-11-01 13:16:24
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
In the first three variants, the code was not recompiled, but the configuration data was edited in the DLL file itself. The rest of the content is a byte for byte copy.
C&C infrastructure
Domain names were carefully chosen to look like they are related to the game or application publisher. The apex domain was set to redirect to a relevant legitimate site using the Namecheap redirection service, while the subdomain points to the malicious C&C server.
Domain name
Registration date
Redirection target
xigncodeservice.com
2018-07-10 09:18:17
gxxservice.com
2018-08-14 13:53:41
None or unknown
infestexe.com
2018-11-07 08:46:44
Subdomain name
IP addresses
Provider
bugcheck.xigncodeservice.com
167.99.106[.]49, 178.128.180[.]206
DigitalOcean
dump.gxxservice.com
142.93.204[.]230
DigitalOcean
nw.infestexe.com
138.68.14[.]195
DigitalOcean
At the time of writing, none of the domains resolve and the C&C servers are not responding.
Reconnaissance report
A bot identifier is generated from the machine’s MAC address. The backdoor reports information about the machine such as the user name, computer name, Windows version and system language to the C&C server and awaits commands. The data is XOR encrypted with the key “*&b0i0rong2Y7un1”and base64-encoded. The data received from the C&C server is encrypted using the same key.
Commands
This simple backdoor has only four commands that can be used by the attacker:
· DownUrlFile
· DownRunUrlFile
· RunUrlBinInMem
· UnInstall
The commands are pretty much self-explanatory. They allow the attacker to run additional executables from a given URL.
The last one is perhaps less obvious. The UnInstallcommand doesn’t remove the malware from the system. After all, it is embedded inside a legitimate executable that still needs to run. Rather than removing anything, it disables the malicious code by setting the following registry value to 1:
· HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ImageFlag
When the payload is started, the registry value is queried and execution is aborted if set. Perhaps the attackers are trying to reduce the load from their C&C servers by avoiding callbacks from uninteresting victims.
Second stage
Based on ESET telemetry, one of the second stage payload delivered to victims is Win64/Winnti.BN. As far as we can tell, its dropper was downloaded over HTTPS from api.goallbandungtravel[.]com. We have seen it installed as a Windows service and as a DLL in C:\Windows\System32using the following file names:
· cscsrv.dll
· dwmsvc.dll
· iassrv.dll
· mprsvc.dll
· nlasrv.dll
· powfsvc.dll
· racsvc.dll
· slcsvc.dll
· snmpsvc.dll
· sspisvc.dll
The samples we have analyzed were actually quite large, each of them about 60 MB. This is, however, only for appearance because the real size or the PE file is between 63 KB and 72 KB, depending on the version. The malware files simply have lots of clean files appended to them. This is probably done by the component that drops and installs this malicious service.
Once the service runs, it appends the extension .mui to its DLL path, reads that file and decrypts it using RC5. The decrypted MUI file contains position-independent code at offset 0. The RC5 key is derived from the hard drive serial number and the string “f@Ukd!rCto R$.”. We were not able to obtain any MUI files nor the code that installs them in the first place. Thus, we do not know the exact purpose of this malicious service.
Recent versions of the malware include an “auto-update” mechanism, using C&C server checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com. That C&C server served the latest version of the MUI files encrypted with a static RC5 key. The C&C server was not responding during our analysis.
Targets
Let’s start with who is not targeted. Early in the payload, the malware checks to see if the system language is Russian or Chinese (Figure 5). In either case, the malware stops running. There is no way around this: the attackers are simply not interested in computers configured with those languages.
Figure 5 Language checks before running the payload
Distribution statistics
ESET telemetry shows victims are mostly located in Asia, with Thailand having the largest part of the pie. Given the popularity of the compromised application that is still being distributed by its developer, it wouldn’t be surprising if the number of victims is in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Conclusion
Supply-chain attacks are hard to detect from the consumer perspective. It is impossible to start analyzing every piece of software we run, especially with all the regular updates we are encouraged or required to install. So, we put our trust in software vendors that the files they distribute don’t include malware. Perhaps that’s the reason multiple groups target software developers: compromising the vendor results in a botnet as popular as the software that is hacked. However, there is a downside of using such a technique: once the scheme is uncovered, the attacker loses control and computers can be cleaned through regular updates.
We do not know the motives of the attackers at this point. Is it simply financial gain? Are there any reasons why the three affected products are from Asian developers and for the Asian market? Do these attackers use a botnet as part of a larger espionage operation?
ESET products detect this threat as Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A, Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.B, the payload as Win32/Winnti.AG, and the second stage as Win64/Winnti.BN.
IoCs
Compromised file samples (Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A and B)
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
RC4 key
Payload SHA-1
474b1c81de1eafe93602c297d701418658cf6feb
Mon Jul 16 07:37:14 2018
207792894
a045939f
f2f6ad866bde0e6605bb7a6d97471ecf99fd0f11
Thu Jul 19 06:28:19 2018
207792894
a045939f
47dd117fb07cd06c8c6faa2a085e0d484703f5fd
Wed Jul 25 06:44:09 2018
207792894
a045939f
42f2fc15aa8b9ed896c92fed22a27df9ef9db0ad
Wed Aug 29 07:37:14 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
54b161d446789c6096362ab1649edbddaf7145be
Tue Sep 4 08:02:38 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
eb5fd85d5870b57eeb8b548eb4d158cc6997c436
Wed Sep 19 02:29:59 2018
17858542
dde82093
c9b4e30f0500af877558e793476b98e2609a7ee3
Wed Sep 19 05:37:13 2018
17858542
dde82093
67111518fe2982726064ada5b23fd91d1eb3d48e
Wed Sep 19 09:51:44 2018
17858542
dde82093
99335d3b9eae73190d5acacd5a7da635a460bb43
Thu Sep 20 02:13:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
0f31ed081ccc18816ca1e3c87fe488c9b360d02f
Fri Sep 28 05:32:30 2018
17858542
dde82093
f8c1324f80140bbb458c96c64e2ac38e9b0653f2
Mon Oct 8 00:44:57 2018
17858542
dde82093
5e2b7b929471ac3ba22a1dfa851fac1044a698dc
Tue Oct 16 05:09:15 2018
17858542
dde82093
132e699e837698ef090e3f5ad12400df1b1e98fa
Thu Oct 18 02:53:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
897086babadec12b9ac518f0c254aeb2a2160b32
Thu Oct 18 09:16:51 2018
17858542
dde82093
db45716f02c6e33cdc80d7a960255d914455c590
Wed Oct 24 02:41:54 2018
17858542
dde82093
d4eaf47253fe59f11a06517bb9e2d5e8b785abf8
Thu Nov 1 07:00:55 2018
17858542
dde82093
527c834d114f526e8b013dfe843876004ab8b272
2018-07-05 11:03:05
17858542
dde82093
7cf41b1acfb05064518a2ad9e4c16fde9185cd4b
Tue Nov 13 10:12:58 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
7f73def251fcc34cbd6f5ac61822913479124a2a
Wed Nov 14 03:50:18 2018
19317120
44260a1d
dac0bd8972f23c9b5f7f8f06c5d629eac7926269
Tue Nov 27 03:05:16 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
Payload Samples (Win32/Winnti.AG)
SHA-1
C&C server URL
a045939f53c5ad2c0f7368b082aa7b0bd7b116da
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf193e747cee49ae83568eea6c04bf93cb3
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093decde6371eb852a5e9a1aa4acf3b56ba
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
8272c1f41f7c223316c0d78bd3bd5744e25c2e9f
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
44260a1dfd92922a621124640015160e621f32d5
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
Second stage samples (Win64/Winnti.BN)
Dropper delivered by api.goallbandungtravel[.]com.
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
C&C server URL prefix
4256fa6f6a39add6a1fa10ef1497a74088f12be0
2018-07-25 10:13:41
None
bb4ab0d8d05a3404f1f53f152ebd79f4ba4d4d81
2018-10-10 09:57:31
checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com
MITRE ATT&CK matrix
ID
Description
T1195
Supply Chain Compromise
T1050
New Service
T1022
Data Encrypted
T1079
Multilayer Encryption
T1032
Standard Cryptographic Protocol (RC4, RC5)
T1043
CGaming industry still in the scope of attackers in Asia
Asian game developers again targeted in supply-chain attacks distributing Winnti malware in legitimately signed software.
This is not the first time the gaming industry has been targeted by attackers who compromise game developers, insert backdoors into a game’s build environment, and then have their malware distributed as legitimate software. In April 2013, Kaspersky Lab reported that a popular game was altered to include a backdoor in 2011. That attack was attributed to perpetrators Kaspersky called the Winnti Group.
Yet again, new supply-chain attacks recently caught the attention of ESET Researchers. This time, two games and one gaming platform application were compromised to include a backdoor. Given that these attacks were mostly targeted against Asia and the gaming industry, it shouldn’t be surprising they are the work of the group described Kaspersky’s “Winnti – More than just a game”.
Three Cases, Same Backdoor
Although the malware uses different configurations in each case, the three affected software products included the same backdoor code and were launched using the same mechanism. While two of the compromised products no longer include the backdoor, one of the affected developers is still distributing the trojanized version: ironically, the game is named Infestation, and is produced by Thai developer Electronics Extreme. We have tried informing them several times, through various channels, since early February, but without apparent success.
Let’s look at how the malicious payload is embedded and then look into the details of the backdoor itself.
Embedding the payload
The payload code is started very early during the execution of the backdoored executable file. Right after the PE entry point, the standard call to the C Runtime initialization (__scrt_common_main_sehin Figure 1) is hooked to launch the malicious payload before everything else (Figure 2). This may suggest that the malefactor changed a build configuration rather than the source code itself.
Figure 1 Clean executable file entry point
Figure 2 Compromised executable file entry point
The code added to the executable decrypts and launches the backdoor in-memory before resuming normal execution of the C Runtime initialization code and all the subsequent code of the host application. The embedded payload data has a specific structure, seen in Figure 3, that is parsed by the added unpacking code.
Figure 3 Embedded payload structure
It includes an RC4 key (which is XORed with 0x37) that is used to decrypt a filename and the embedded DLL file.
The malicious payload
The actual malicious payload is quite small and only contains about 17 KB of code and data.
Configuration
Illustrated in Figure 4, the configuration data is simply a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Figure 4 Payload configuration data
The configuration consists of four fields:
1. C&C server URL.
2. Variable (t) used to determine the time to sleep in milliseconds before continuing the execution. Wait time is chosen randomly in the range 2/3 t to 5/3 t.
3. A string identifying a campaign.
4. A semicolon-separated list of executable filenames. If any of them are running, the backdoor stops its execution.
ESET researchers have identified five versions of the payload:
Truncated SHA-1
PE Compile time (UTC)
C&C server URL
a045939f
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf1
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
44260a1d
2018-08-15 10:59:09
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
8272c1f4
2018-11-01 13:16:24
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
In the first three variants, the code was not recompiled, but the configuration data was edited in the DLL file itself. The rest of the content is a byte for byte copy.
C&C infrastructure
Domain names were carefully chosen to look like they are related to the game or application publisher. The apex domain was set to redirect to a relevant legitimate site using the Namecheap redirection service, while the subdomain points to the malicious C&C server.
Domain name
Registration date
Redirection target
xigncodeservice.com
2018-07-10 09:18:17
gxxservice.com
2018-08-14 13:53:41
None or unknown
infestexe.com
2018-11-07 08:46:44
Subdomain name
IP addresses
Provider
bugcheck.xigncodeservice.com
167.99.106[.]49, 178.128.180[.]206
DigitalOcean
dump.gxxservice.com
142.93.204[.]230
DigitalOcean
nw.infestexe.com
138.68.14[.]195
DigitalOcean
At the time of writing, none of the domains resolve and the C&C servers are not responding.
Reconnaissance report
A bot identifier is generated from the machine’s MAC address. The backdoor reports information about the machine such as the user name, computer name, Windows version and system language to the C&C server and awaits commands. The data is XOR encrypted with the key “*&b0i0rong2Y7un1”and base64-encoded. The data received from the C&C server is encrypted using the same key.
Commands
This simple backdoor has only four commands that can be used by the attacker:
· DownUrlFile
· DownRunUrlFile
· RunUrlBinInMem
· UnInstall
The commands are pretty much self-explanatory. They allow the attacker to run additional executables from a given URL.
The last one is perhaps less obvious. The UnInstallcommand doesn’t remove the malware from the system. After all, it is embedded inside a legitimate executable that still needs to run. Rather than removing anything, it disables the malicious code by setting the following registry value to 1:
· HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ImageFlag
When the payload is started, the registry value is queried and execution is aborted if set. Perhaps the attackers are trying to reduce the load from their C&C servers by avoiding callbacks from uninteresting victims.
Second stage
Based on ESET telemetry, one of the second stage payload delivered to victims is Win64/Winnti.BN. As far as we can tell, its dropper was downloaded over HTTPS from api.goallbandungtravel[.]com. We have seen it installed as a Windows service and as a DLL in C:\Windows\System32using the following file names:
· cscsrv.dll
· dwmsvc.dll
· iassrv.dll
· mprsvc.dll
· nlasrv.dll
· powfsvc.dll
· racsvc.dll
· slcsvc.dll
· snmpsvc.dll
· sspisvc.dll
The samples we have analyzed were actually quite large, each of them about 60 MB. This is, however, only for appearance because the real size or the PE file is between 63 KB and 72 KB, depending on the version. The malware files simply have lots of clean files appended to them. This is probably done by the component that drops and installs this malicious service.
Once the service runs, it appends the extension .mui to its DLL path, reads that file and decrypts it using RC5. The decrypted MUI file contains position-independent code at offset 0. The RC5 key is derived from the hard drive serial number and the string “f@Ukd!rCto R$.”. We were not able to obtain any MUI files nor the code that installs them in the first place. Thus, we do not know the exact purpose of this malicious service.
Recent versions of the malware include an “auto-update” mechanism, using C&C server checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com. That C&C server served the latest version of the MUI files encrypted with a static RC5 key. The C&C server was not responding during our analysis.
Targets
Let’s start with who is not targeted. Early in the payload, the malware checks to see if the system language is Russian or Chinese (Figure 5). In either case, the malware stops running. There is no way around this: the attackers are simply not interested in computers configured with those languages.
Figure 5 Language checks before running the payload
Distribution statistics
ESET telemetry shows victims are mostly located in Asia, with Thailand having the largest part of the pie. Given the popularity of the compromised application that is still being distributed by its developer, it wouldn’t be surprising if the number of victims is in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Conclusion
Supply-chain attacks are hard to detect from the consumer perspective. It is impossible to start analyzing every piece of software we run, especially with all the regular updates we are encouraged or required to install. So, we put our trust in software vendors that the files they distribute don’t include malware. Perhaps that’s the reason multiple groups target software developers: compromising the vendor results in a botnet as popular as the software that is hacked. However, there is a downside of using such a technique: once the scheme is uncovered, the attacker loses control and computers can be cleaned through regular updates.
We do not know the motives of the attackers at this point. Is it simply financial gain? Are there any reasons why the three affected products are from Asian developers and for the Asian market? Do these attackers use a botnet as part of a larger espionage operation?
ESET products detect this threat as Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A, Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.B, the payload as Win32/Winnti.AG, and the second stage as Win64/Winnti.BN.
IoCs
Compromised file samples (Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A and B)
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
RC4 key
Payload SHA-1
474b1c81de1eafe93602c297d701418658cf6feb
Mon Jul 16 07:37:14 2018
207792894
a045939f
f2f6ad866bde0e6605bb7a6d97471ecf99fd0f11
Thu Jul 19 06:28:19 2018
207792894
a045939f
47dd117fb07cd06c8c6faa2a085e0d484703f5fd
Wed Jul 25 06:44:09 2018
207792894
a045939f
42f2fc15aa8b9ed896c92fed22a27df9ef9db0ad
Wed Aug 29 07:37:14 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
54b161d446789c6096362ab1649edbddaf7145be
Tue Sep 4 08:02:38 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
eb5fd85d5870b57eeb8b548eb4d158cc6997c436
Wed Sep 19 02:29:59 2018
17858542
dde82093
c9b4e30f0500af877558e793476b98e2609a7ee3
Wed Sep 19 05:37:13 2018
17858542
dde82093
67111518fe2982726064ada5b23fd91d1eb3d48e
Wed Sep 19 09:51:44 2018
17858542
dde82093
99335d3b9eae73190d5acacd5a7da635a460bb43
Thu Sep 20 02:13:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
0f31ed081ccc18816ca1e3c87fe488c9b360d02f
Fri Sep 28 05:32:30 2018
17858542
dde82093
f8c1324f80140bbb458c96c64e2ac38e9b0653f2
Mon Oct 8 00:44:57 2018
17858542
dde82093
5e2b7b929471ac3ba22a1dfa851fac1044a698dc
Tue Oct 16 05:09:15 2018
17858542
dde82093
132e699e837698ef090e3f5ad12400df1b1e98fa
Thu Oct 18 02:53:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
897086babadec12b9ac518f0c254aeb2a2160b32
Thu Oct 18 09:16:51 2018
17858542
dde82093
db45716f02c6e33cdc80d7a960255d914455c590
Wed Oct 24 02:41:54 2018
17858542
dde82093
d4eaf47253fe59f11a06517bb9e2d5e8b785abf8
Thu Nov 1 07:00:55 2018
17858542
dde82093
527c834d114f526e8b013dfe843876004ab8b272
2018-07-05 11:03:05
17858542
dde82093
7cf41b1acfb05064518a2ad9e4c16fde9185cd4b
Tue Nov 13 10:12:58 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
7f73def251fcc34cbd6f5ac61822913479124a2a
Wed Nov 14 03:50:18 2018
19317120
44260a1d
dac0bd8972f23c9b5f7f8f06c5d629eac7926269
Tue Nov 27 03:05:16 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
Payload Samples (Win32/Winnti.AG)
SHA-1
C&C server URL
a045939f53c5ad2c0f7368b082aa7b0bd7b116da
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf193e747cee49ae83568eea6c04bf93cb3
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093decde6371eb852a5e9a1aa4acf3b56ba
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
8272c1f41f7c223316c0d78bd3bd5744e25c2e9f
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
44260a1dfd92922a621124640015160e621f32d5
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
Second stage samples (Win64/Winnti.BN)
Dropper delivered by api.goallbandungtravel[.]com.
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
C&C server URL prefix
4256fa6f6a39add6a1fa10ef1497a74088f12be0
2018-07-25 10:13:41
None
bb4ab0d8d05a3404f1f53f152ebd79f4ba4d4d81
2018-10-10 09:57:31
checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com
MITRE ATT&CK matrix
ID
Description
T1195
Supply Chain Compromise
T1050
New Service
T1022
Data Encrypted
T1079
Multilayer Encryption
T1032
Standard Cryptographic Protocol (RC4, RC5)
T1043
Commonly Used Port (80,443)Gaming industry still in the scope of attackers in Asia
Asian game developers again targeted in supply-chain attacks distributing Winnti malware in legitimately signed software.
This is not the first time the gaming industry has been targeted by attackers who compromise game developers, insert backdoors into a game’s build environment, and then have their malware distributed as legitimate software. In April 2013, Kaspersky Lab reported that a popular game was altered to include a backdoor in 2011. That attack was attributed to perpetrators Kaspersky called the Winnti Group.
Yet again, new supply-chain attacks recently caught the attention of ESET Researchers. This time, two games and one gaming platform application were compromised to include a backdoor. Given that these attacks were mostly targeted against Asia and the gaming industry, it shouldn’t be surprising they are the work of the group described Kaspersky’s “Winnti – More than just a game”.
Three Cases, Same Backdoor
Although the malware uses different configurations in each case, the three affected software products included the same backdoor code and were launched using the same mechanism. While two of the compromised products no longer include the backdoor, one of the affected developers is still distributing the trojanized version: ironically, the game is named Infestation, and is produced by Thai developer Electronics Extreme. We have tried informing them several times, through various channels, since early February, but without apparent success.
Let’s look at how the malicious payload is embedded and then look into the details of the backdoor itself.
Embedding the payload
The payload code is started very early during the execution of the backdoored executable file. Right after the PE entry point, the standard call to the C Runtime initialization (__scrt_common_main_sehin Figure 1) is hooked to launch the malicious payload before everything else (Figure 2). This may suggest that the malefactor changed a build configuration rather than the source code itself.
Figure 1 Clean executable file entry point
Figure 2 Compromised executable file entry point
The code added to the executable decrypts and launches the backdoor in-memory before resuming normal execution of the C Runtime initialization code and all the subsequent code of the host application. The embedded payload data has a specific structure, seen in Figure 3, that is parsed by the added unpacking code.
Figure 3 Embedded payload structure
It includes an RC4 key (which is XORed with 0x37) that is used to decrypt a filename and the embedded DLL file.
The malicious payload
The actual malicious payload is quite small and only contains about 17 KB of code and data.
Configuration
Illustrated in Figure 4, the configuration data is simply a whitespace-separated list of strings.
Figure 4 Payload configuration data
The configuration consists of four fields:
1. C&C server URL.
2. Variable (t) used to determine the time to sleep in milliseconds before continuing the execution. Wait time is chosen randomly in the range 2/3 t to 5/3 t.
3. A string identifying a campaign.
4. A semicolon-separated list of executable filenames. If any of them are running, the backdoor stops its execution.
ESET researchers have identified five versions of the payload:
Truncated SHA-1
PE Compile time (UTC)
C&C server URL
a045939f
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf1
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093
2018-07-11 15:45:57
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
44260a1d
2018-08-15 10:59:09
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
8272c1f4
2018-11-01 13:16:24
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
In the first three variants, the code was not recompiled, but the configuration data was edited in the DLL file itself. The rest of the content is a byte for byte copy.
C&C infrastructure
Domain names were carefully chosen to look like they are related to the game or application publisher. The apex domain was set to redirect to a relevant legitimate site using the Namecheap redirection service, while the subdomain points to the malicious C&C server.
Domain name
Registration date
Redirection target
xigncodeservice.com
2018-07-10 09:18:17
gxxservice.com
2018-08-14 13:53:41
None or unknown
infestexe.com
2018-11-07 08:46:44
Subdomain name
IP addresses
Provider
bugcheck.xigncodeservice.com
167.99.106[.]49, 178.128.180[.]206
DigitalOcean
dump.gxxservice.com
142.93.204[.]230
DigitalOcean
nw.infestexe.com
138.68.14[.]195
DigitalOcean
At the time of writing, none of the domains resolve and the C&C servers are not responding.
Reconnaissance report
A bot identifier is generated from the machine’s MAC address. The backdoor reports information about the machine such as the user name, computer name, Windows version and system language to the C&C server and awaits commands. The data is XOR encrypted with the key “*&b0i0rong2Y7un1”and base64-encoded. The data received from the C&C server is encrypted using the same key.
Commands
This simple backdoor has only four commands that can be used by the attacker:
· DownUrlFile
· DownRunUrlFile
· RunUrlBinInMem
· UnInstall
The commands are pretty much self-explanatory. They allow the attacker to run additional executables from a given URL.
The last one is perhaps less obvious. The UnInstallcommand doesn’t remove the malware from the system. After all, it is embedded inside a legitimate executable that still needs to run. Rather than removing anything, it disables the malicious code by setting the following registry value to 1:
· HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ImageFlag
When the payload is started, the registry value is queried and execution is aborted if set. Perhaps the attackers are trying to reduce the load from their C&C servers by avoiding callbacks from uninteresting victims.
Second stage
Based on ESET telemetry, one of the second stage payload delivered to victims is Win64/Winnti.BN. As far as we can tell, its dropper was downloaded over HTTPS from api.goallbandungtravel[.]com. We have seen it installed as a Windows service and as a DLL in C:\Windows\System32using the following file names:
· cscsrv.dll
· dwmsvc.dll
· iassrv.dll
· mprsvc.dll
· nlasrv.dll
· powfsvc.dll
· racsvc.dll
· slcsvc.dll
· snmpsvc.dll
· sspisvc.dll
The samples we have analyzed were actually quite large, each of them about 60 MB. This is, however, only for appearance because the real size or the PE file is between 63 KB and 72 KB, depending on the version. The malware files simply have lots of clean files appended to them. This is probably done by the component that drops and installs this malicious service.
Once the service runs, it appends the extension .mui to its DLL path, reads that file and decrypts it using RC5. The decrypted MUI file contains position-independent code at offset 0. The RC5 key is derived from the hard drive serial number and the string “f@Ukd!rCto R$.”. We were not able to obtain any MUI files nor the code that installs them in the first place. Thus, we do not know the exact purpose of this malicious service.
Recent versions of the malware include an “auto-update” mechanism, using C&C server checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com. That C&C server served the latest version of the MUI files encrypted with a static RC5 key. The C&C server was not responding during our analysis.
Targets
Let’s start with who is not targeted. Early in the payload, the malware checks to see if the system language is Russian or Chinese (Figure 5). In either case, the malware stops running. There is no way around this: the attackers are simply not interested in computers configured with those languages.
Figure 5 Language checks before running the payload
Distribution statistics
ESET telemetry shows victims are mostly located in Asia, with Thailand having the largest part of the pie. Given the popularity of the compromised application that is still being distributed by its developer, it wouldn’t be surprising if the number of victims is in the tens or hundreds of thousands.
Conclusion
Supply-chain attacks are hard to detect from the consumer perspective. It is impossible to start analyzing every piece of software we run, especially with all the regular updates we are encouraged or required to install. So, we put our trust in software vendors that the files they distribute don’t include malware. Perhaps that’s the reason multiple groups target software developers: compromising the vendor results in a botnet as popular as the software that is hacked. However, there is a downside of using such a technique: once the scheme is uncovered, the attacker loses control and computers can be cleaned through regular updates.
We do not know the motives of the attackers at this point. Is it simply financial gain? Are there any reasons why the three affected products are from Asian developers and for the Asian market? Do these attackers use a botnet as part of a larger espionage operation?
ESET products detect this threat as Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A, Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.B, the payload as Win32/Winnti.AG, and the second stage as Win64/Winnti.BN.
IoCs
Compromised file samples (Win32/HackedApp.Winnti.A and B)
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
RC4 key
Payload SHA-1
474b1c81de1eafe93602c297d701418658cf6feb
Mon Jul 16 07:37:14 2018
207792894
a045939f
f2f6ad866bde0e6605bb7a6d97471ecf99fd0f11
Thu Jul 19 06:28:19 2018
207792894
a045939f
47dd117fb07cd06c8c6faa2a085e0d484703f5fd
Wed Jul 25 06:44:09 2018
207792894
a045939f
42f2fc15aa8b9ed896c92fed22a27df9ef9db0ad
Wed Aug 29 07:37:14 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
54b161d446789c6096362ab1649edbddaf7145be
Tue Sep 4 08:02:38 2018
165122939
a260dcf1
eb5fd85d5870b57eeb8b548eb4d158cc6997c436
Wed Sep 19 02:29:59 2018
17858542
dde82093
c9b4e30f0500af877558e793476b98e2609a7ee3
Wed Sep 19 05:37:13 2018
17858542
dde82093
67111518fe2982726064ada5b23fd91d1eb3d48e
Wed Sep 19 09:51:44 2018
17858542
dde82093
99335d3b9eae73190d5acacd5a7da635a460bb43
Thu Sep 20 02:13:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
0f31ed081ccc18816ca1e3c87fe488c9b360d02f
Fri Sep 28 05:32:30 2018
17858542
dde82093
f8c1324f80140bbb458c96c64e2ac38e9b0653f2
Mon Oct 8 00:44:57 2018
17858542
dde82093
5e2b7b929471ac3ba22a1dfa851fac1044a698dc
Tue Oct 16 05:09:15 2018
17858542
dde82093
132e699e837698ef090e3f5ad12400df1b1e98fa
Thu Oct 18 02:53:03 2018
17858542
dde82093
897086babadec12b9ac518f0c254aeb2a2160b32
Thu Oct 18 09:16:51 2018
17858542
dde82093
db45716f02c6e33cdc80d7a960255d914455c590
Wed Oct 24 02:41:54 2018
17858542
dde82093
d4eaf47253fe59f11a06517bb9e2d5e8b785abf8
Thu Nov 1 07:00:55 2018
17858542
dde82093
527c834d114f526e8b013dfe843876004ab8b272
2018-07-05 11:03:05
17858542
dde82093
7cf41b1acfb05064518a2ad9e4c16fde9185cd4b
Tue Nov 13 10:12:58 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
7f73def251fcc34cbd6f5ac61822913479124a2a
Wed Nov 14 03:50:18 2018
19317120
44260a1d
dac0bd8972f23c9b5f7f8f06c5d629eac7926269
Tue Nov 27 03:05:16 2018
1729131071
8272c1f4
Payload Samples (Win32/Winnti.AG)
SHA-1
C&C server URL
a045939f53c5ad2c0f7368b082aa7b0bd7b116da
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_bsod.php
a260dcf193e747cee49ae83568eea6c04bf93cb3
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/Common_Include.php
dde82093decde6371eb852a5e9a1aa4acf3b56ba
bugcheck.xigncodeservice[.]com/Common/Lib/common.php
8272c1f41f7c223316c0d78bd3bd5744e25c2e9f
nw.infestexe[.]com/version/last.php
44260a1dfd92922a621124640015160e621f32d5
dump.gxxservice[.]com/common/up/up_base.php
Second stage samples (Win64/Winnti.BN)
Dropper delivered by api.goallbandungtravel[.]com.
SHA-1
Compile Time (UTC)
C&C server URL prefix
4256fa6f6a39add6a1fa10ef1497a74088f12be0
2018-07-25 10:13:41
None
bb4ab0d8d05a3404f1f53f152ebd79f4ba4d4d81
2018-10-10 09:57:31
checkin.travelsanignacio[.]com
MITRE ATT&CK matrix
ID
Description
T1195
Supply Chain Compromise
T1050
New Service
T1022
Data Encrypted
T1079
Multilayer Encryption
T1032
Standard Cryptographic Protocol (RC4, RC5)
T1043
Commonly Used Port (80,443)
T1009
Binary Padding
URL: https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/11/gaming-industry-scope-attackers-asia/
T1009
Binary Padding
URL: https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/11/gaming-industry-scope-attackers-asia/ommonly Used Port (80,443)
T1009
Binary Padding
URL: https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/11/gaming-industry-scope-attackers-asia/
ID
Description
T1195
Supply Chain Compromise
T1050
New Service
T1022
Data Encrypted
T1079
Multilayer Encryption
T1032
Standard Cryptographic Protocol (RC4, RC5)
T1043
Commonly Used Port (80,443)
T1009
Binary Padding
URL: https://www.welivesecurity.com/2019/03/11/gaming-industry-scope-attackers-asia/
About ESET
, .